The Environment Chronicle

The Katina P. loses 72,000 t oil.

Documentation of accidents in industrial facilities or involving hazardous substances. 2 editions.

The "ABT Summer", carrying 260,000 t oil, catches fire off the coast of Angola.

The "Haven" catches fire and sinks in the Mediterranean, carrying 143,000 t crude oil.

The cruiser "Moby Prince" rams the tanker "Agip Abruzzo". 140 die, the Mediterranean is polluted with a large amount of oil.

The Gulf War oil spill was one of the largest oil spills in history, resulting from the Gulf War in 1991. The apparent strategic goal was to foil a potential landing by US Marines. It also made commandeering oil reserves dangerous for US forces as visibility and movement were inhibited. The immediate reports from Baghdad said that American air strikes had caused a discharge of oil from two tankers. Coalition forces determined the main source of oil to be the Sea Island terminal in Kuwait. On January 26, three US F-117 fighter-bombers destroyed pipelines to prevent further spillage into the Persian Gulf. Several other sources of oil were found to be active: tankers and a damaged Kuwaiti oil refinery near Mina Al Ahmadi, tankers near Bubiyan Island, and Iraq's Mina Al Bakr terminal.

The "Aragon" loses c. 25,000 t oil.

The Khark 5 explodes north of the Canary Islands, losing c. 70,000 t light crude oil.

When the freighter "Oostzee" enters heavy seas, some of the 4,000 barrels of epichlorhydrin begin to leak, although extensive salvage efforts prevent a catastrophe.

The Exxon Valdez runs aground on a reef (the captain was drunk), losing c. 40,000 t crude oil. 7,000 km of coastline are polluted, the cleanup and compensation for the State of Alaska and affected residents cost 2.5 billion US$. An additional fine of 15 billion US$ was demanded.

The Argentinian tanker and supply ship "Bahia Paraiso" strikes a rock south of Cape Horn and sinks. 1,000 t diesel form a 10 km long oil slick on the hitherto untouched coast of the Antarctic.

The "Bahia Paraiso" spills c. 680 t diesel oil.

On 10 November 1988, the Liberian tanker Odyssey, almost fully loaded with a cargo of 132,157 tonnes of crude oil, broke in half and sank 700 nautical miles off the coast of Newfoundland in the Atlantic.

An electrical fault closes all the valves in the main steam system. An unsuccessful attempt to open them manually creates a shock wave in the steam lines, which can fortunately withstand the pressure. Otherwise, a meltdown could have been the result (source: Greenpeace).

The cargo ship "Anne Broere" sinks with c. 248 hl of toxic acrylonitrile.

In January 1988, a four-million gallon oil storage tank owned by Ashland Oil Company, Inc., split apart and collapsed at an Ashland oil storage facility located in Floreffe, Pennsylvania, near the Monongahela River. The tank split while being filled to capacity for the first time after it had been dismantled and moved from an Ohio location and reassembled at the Floreffe facility. The split released diesel oil over the tank's containment dikes, across a parking lot on an adjacent property, and into an uncapped storm drain that emptied directly into the river. Within minutes the oil slick moved miles down river, washing over two dam locks and dispersing throughout the width and depth of the river. The oil was carried by the Monongahela River into the Ohio River, temporarily contaminating drinking water sources for an estimated one million people in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio, contaminating river ecosystems and killing wildlife.

Seepage of mineral fertilisers (phosphates) causes chrysochromulina algae to explode in the coastal seas. Life in the upper regions of the sea is suffocated.

When a valve which had been accidentally left open is repaired, 107 l of cooling water are released (source: Greenpeace).

The "Herald of Free Enterprise" capsizes off Zebrugge, killing 193. Some of the vehicles aboard are carrying dangerous loads, which pollute the North Sea.

Water used to extinguish a major fire carries c. 30 t fungicide containing mercury into the Upper Rhine. Fish are killed over a stretch of 100 km. The shock drives many FEA projects forwards. See also "Pollution of the Rhine at Basel / Sandoz".

During a serious accident at a chemicals plant in Basel, the waste water system lets c. 400 l of atrazine (a crop protection agent) into the Rhine.

Following a fire and minor explosion in one of the four reactors in the Ukrainian atomic power station Chernobyl, 10,000 km2 of the surrounding area is contaminated radioactively, affecting 640 communities and 230,000 inhabitants. There are 35 immediate fatalities, and opinion is still divided as to the extent of the long-term consequences.

Tests later showed that the entire high pressure cooling system was not in working order. Only a small leak in the primary cooling system would very probably have caused a meltdown (source: Greenpeace).

In the Federal Republic of Germany a smog alarm of level III was declared for the first time. Mainly the western Ruhr Basin was affected. Level III of the Smog Ordinance included a temporal ban on driving for private cars. The industrial production had to be reduced. The matter was the so-called "London-Smog". The interaction of fog and smoke prevented the pollutants to dissolve in the air. This kind of smog has become rare in the western industrial countries due to numerous counteractive measures.

A defective tank at the Union Carbide pesticide factory in Bhopal leaks methylisocyanate, resulting in 3,400 deaths and c. 200,000 serious injuries.

The Sellafield nuclear reprocessing plant in England contaminates the sea by releasing radioactive water.

Greenpeace divers reveal that radioactive oil sludge is leaking from the waste pipes of the British reprocessing plant at Sellafield. 40 km of coastline are cordoned off.

The Spanish supertanker "Castillo de Bellver" spills c. 155,000 t oil, before it is sunk, still holding c. 100,000 t.

Leaks in some 20 fuel elements allow radioactive iodine 131 into the cooling water, with which it reacts. Since the iodine filters were not designed to remove some of the compounds now present in the exhaust gas, emissions of iodine 131 exceed permitted levels (source: Greenpeace).

The "Assimi" loses 53,000 t oil near Muscat, off the coast of Oman.

Fish stocks die due to lack of oxygen in the Baltic Sea.

The "Globe Asami" loses c. 16,000 t oil on the Memel in Russia. Several thousand birds die.

Fish stocks die due to lack of oxygen in the Baltic Sea.

On 7 March 1980 the oil tanker Tanio, carrying 26.000 tonnes fuel oil, broke in two during violent weather conditions off the coast of Brittany, France. As a result approximately 13.500 tonnes of cargo oil was spilled. Strong northwest winds moved the oil towards the Breton coast. The spilled oil contaminated about 200km of coastline to varying degrees.

Deaths from pollution and accessible chemicals on the site of the chemical factory Stoltzenberg, Hamburg: The Chemical Factory Dr. Hugo Stoltzenberg (CFS, 1923-1979) was a chemical factory in Hamburg, which, according to its own account, dealt with the production and handling of "Ultragifte". It was known mainly by two events, the so-called Stoltzenberg scandals of 1928 and 1979. The first was triggered by the withdrawal of a poison gas cloud on the company premises in Hamburg, which killed ten people. In the case of the second, three children were involved in the game with chemicals discovered at the company's premises ... (6 September 1979)

A cement factory in Lengerich contaminates the surroundings with the toxic heavy metal Thallium. Agricultural land becomes unusable, trees lose their foliage.

Over time, c. 170,000 t crude oil leak from an oil platform into the Gulf of Mexico. The borehole is eventually capped.

On 28 April 1979, the Liberian oil tanker Gino, transporting 40,000 tonnes of carbon black, a refined oil 1.09 times denser than water, was en route from Port Arthur (Texas) to Le Havre, when she sank off Ushant island after colliding with the Norwegian oil tanker Team Castor in foggy conditions. About 1,000 tonnes of oil were spilled from a damaged tank in the Team Castor. 17 antipollution vessels poured dispersants on the oil slick. The Gino sank 120 metres deep, taking her cargo with her. Despite its viscosity, the carbon black spread into the surrounding water.

A failed valve in the cooling pump for Block 2 of the nuclear power plant at Three Mile Island means that almost no water reaches the core. Half of the 150 t reactor core melts, and large quantities of radioactive water are released (source: Greenpeace).

The "Independenta" loses 95,000 t oil on the Bosphorus.